RECONSTRUCTION OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
TO ENCOUNTER TERRORISM AND ISLAMIC RADICALISM:
An Effort to Create Tolerant and Inclusive
Islamic Religious Education Teachers*
Ahmad Asroni (Director of Tolerance Institute)
After the fall of New Order regime, terrorism action and Islamic radicalism movement grew in Indonesia. During one decade, a series of bombing exploded in this nation, for example: Bali bomb I, Bali bomb II, Australian Embassy bomb, Hotel JW Marriot I and Hotel JW Marriot II bomb, Hotel Ritz Carlton bomb, “book bomb” addressed to a number of figures, “Friday bomb” in Mapolres Cirebon Mosque, and a suicide bomb in the Church of Bethel Injil Sepenuh (GBIS) Kepunton, Solo. Islamic radicalism also rises in some regions in Indonesia such as attacking to Ahmadiyah community in Cikeusik, Pandeglang, Banten and attacking to pesantren (Islamic boarding school) which is affiliated with Shi’a in Pasuruan and Sampang, East Java.
Eradicating terrorism and Islamic radicalism is not easy since terrorism and Islamic radicalism is not only a social movement but also an ideology. Ideology can not be possibly eradicated with military approach. The approach is not effective enough to eradicate terrorism and Islamic radicalism as the whole.
The aim of this research is to explain the importance of reconstructing Islamic Religious Education (hereafter IRE; in Bahasa Indonesia: Pendidikan Agama Islam/PAI) by creating inclusive teachers. Besides that, this research is also to describe some steps which can be done by teachers in fighting terrorism and radicalism.
This is literature research. The data collected through documentation method.
This research findings revealed that: Firstly, there are various approaches of terrorism and Islamic radicalism must be conducted. One of them is an education approach. This education approach, for example, is conducted by reconstructing IRE learning in education institutions. Reconstruction of IRE is important and urgent to do. Recently, IRE is not effective enough to produce tolerant, moderate, and inclusive person. It can be seen that many terrorism perpetrators and Islamic radicalism is from both senior high school and university students. In addition, the failure can be also observed from the result of institutions survey showing that the low level of tolerance among students. Moreover, lately there are tendency of systematic efforts provoked by some religious groups to teach extreme religious doctrine to senior high school students. Reconstruction of IRE covers up some aspects such as curriculum, teacher, material, method, media, and evaluation. Without ignoring other aspects, IRE teachers have important role in fighting terrorism and radicalism. It is to those who have tolerant and inclusive character. To yield a tolerant and inclusive, it needs contribution from some parties such as university, government, and society. Secondly, there are some steps which can be done by IRE teachers in fighting terrorism and radicalism, namely: (1) IRE teachers must be able to create a multicultural atmosphere; (2) IRE teachers must become a good figure for their students concerning tolerance. The significant role of IRE teacher are expected to encounter terrorism and radicalism at educational institution level. If IRE teachers are not inclusive, IRE will be a good place to rise terrorism and Islamic radicalism. read more
*This paper has been published in the proceeding of International Symposium on “the Strategic Role of Religious Education in the Development of Culture of Peace” held by Center for Research and Development of Religious Education and Religion, Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, 10-12 September 2012
REINTERPRETASI TEKS-TEKS AGAMA BIAS GENDER:
Ikhtiar Teologis Merumuskan Tafsir dan Fiqh Berperspektif Gender
Oleh: Ahmad Asroni
Pendahuluan
Diskursus mengenai perempuan memang tak pernah usang dan senantiasa menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Di wilayah praksis, tidak sedikit para aktivis perempuan yang demikian getol dalam menyuarakan kesetaraan gender (gender equality). Salah satu ranah yang kerap disoroti oleh para feminis adalah masalah kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Kekerasan dan perempuan sepertinya memang telah menjadi realitas yang tak terpisahkan. Ia tak ubahnya seperti dua sisi mata uang yang saling menyatu. Kekerasan terhadap perempuan dalam berbagai bentuk dan variannya, kerapkali terjadi di bumi mana pun, tak terkecuali di Indonesia. Data statistik Tahunan Komnas Perempuan menyebutkan bahwa di negeri berpenduduk sekitar 240 juta jiwa ini, setiap tahunnya, terjadi peningkatan kasus-kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan.
Data statistik Tahunan Komnas Perempuan menyebutkan bahwa di Indonesia, setiap tahunnya, terjadi peningkatan kasus-kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Pada tahun 2001, tercatat 3.160 kasus, tahun 2002 meningkat menjadi 5.163 kasus, tahun 2003 menjadi 7.787, dan tahun 2004 tercatat 14.020 kasus. Lebih lanjut menurut Komnas Perempuan, pada tahun 2005 teridentifikasi sebanyak 20.391 kasus kekerasaan terhadap perempuan. Angka ini menunjukkan peningkatan 145% jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah kasus tahun 2004. Komisi Nasional Anti-Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan juga mencatat kasus-kasus kekerasan yang menimpa buruh migran perempuan sebagai dampak dari krisis moneter sejak 1997. Dari 14.020 kasus yang terjadi pada tahun 2004, terdapat 562 kasus trafiking (perdagangan perempuan).
Selanjutnya, pada tahun 2006 tercatat 22.512 kasus atau sejumlah 110 %. Sedangkan pada tahun 2007 angka kekerasan terhadap perempuan meningkat lagi sebanyak 25.522 kasus. Pada tahun 2008 angka kekerasan terhadap perempuan melonjak mencapai 213% menjadi 54.425 kasus. Sementara pada tahun 2009, istri yang menjadi korban kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) mencapai 96% dari total 136 ribu lebih kasus kekerasan dalam relasi personal. Secara umum, jumlah kekerasan terhadap perempuan sepanjang 2009 secara keseluruhan naik 263% menjadi 143.586 kasus. Bentuk-bentuk kekerasan terhadap perempuan meliputi kekerasan fisik, seksual, psikologis, dan ekonomi.
Ironisya, tindak kekerasan tersebut sebagian besar dilakukan oleh suami. Selain kekerasan terhadap perempuan dalam bentuk trafficking dan KDRT, kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan ternyata terjadi pula dalam komunitas. Jumlahnya sebanyak 2.470 kasus. Komnas Perempuan juga melaporkan bahwa ada sebanyak 6.634 kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan terjadi dalam rumah atau komunitas, dan 302 kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan pelakunya adalah aparat negara. read more